Text 2. WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

     Psychology studies people: how they think, how they act, react and interact.

     Psychology is concerned with all aspects of behaviour and the thoughts, feelings and motivations behind such behaviour.

     In a sense, you are already a psychologist: we all are. We are all in­terested in what makes people nervous, and how this understanding can help us to solve major problems in society.

     Studies in psychology give you knowledge how to go from being an "amateur psychologist" to a professional one.

     How can you learn the science about behaviour? How can you use it to improve people's quality of life? How can you put your knowledge to good use in a career?

      If you tell your friends you are interested in psychology, common re­actions might be "well, can you tell what I'm thinking then?" or "Psy­chology? That's all just logics, isn't it?" Because we know our behaviour we all have theories about it.

     To study psychology you have to learn scientific methods: observ­ing, measuring, testing, using statistics to show that what you find is reliable evidence. But psychologists do not simply collect evidence to explain people's behaviour; they use their understanding to help people with difficulties.

     For example, psychologists are concerned with practical problems such as:

• How can we ease the effects of parental divorce on children?

• How can we minimise accidents on roads, rails, in the air?

• How can the courts ensure that eyewitness testimony is reli­able?

• How should people act on a date — what do others find attrac­tive?

• How can we help people overcome depression, stress or phobias?

                                            VOCABULARY

to act                                              вести себя, действовать         

to react                                           реагировать

to interact                                       взаимодействовать

to be concerned with                    заниматься чем либо

thoughts                                                       мысли

feelings                                         чувства

motivations                                    мотивы, побуждения

in a sense                                       в некотором смысле

to solve major problems            решить основные проблемы

society                                           общество

knowledge                                      знания

amateur                                        любитель, непрофессионал

science                                           наука

quality of life                                 качество, уровень жизни

to put to good use                       находить хорошее применение

common                                       обычный, распространённый

scientific methods                         научные методы

observing                                       наблюдение

measuring                                        измерение

testing                                              тестирование

to use statistics                             использовать статистику

reliable evidence                          достоверные данные

to collect evidence                        собирать доказательства

to ease                                          смягчать, смягчить

parental divorce                            развод родителей     

to minimize accidents                 свести к минимуму

rails                                              рельсы, железные дороги

courts                                           суды

eyewitness testimony                  свидетельства очевидцев

reliable                                        достоверный

evidence                                      доказательства, данные

on a date                                      на свидании

attractive                                     привлекательный

phobias                                       фобии, страхи

ЗАДАНИЕ

      Прочитайте текст вслух. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. What does psychology study?

2. What is psychology concerned with?

3. How does one become a professional psychologist?

4. What is a common reaction when you say you are a psychologist?

5. Why does everyone have a theory about behaviour?

6. What are some of the scientific methods in psychology?

7. Why do we need scientific methods in psychology?

8. How can psychologists help people on a date, for example?

ЗАДАНИЕ

     Переведите следующие предложения.

1.  Psychology studies people's behaviour: actions, reactions, interact­ions.

2.  I am very concerned with my English. I read English books everyday.

3.  Writers and psychologists are concerned with people's feelings and motivations.

4.   Politicians are concerned with major problems in the society.

5.   I have strong knowledge of mathematics and biology.

6.   My mother is an amateur psychologist. She likes to talk about people's actions and motivations.

7.  Psychology can improve people's quality of life.

8.  To make their findings reliable scientists use observing, measuring and observations.

9.  Psychologists collect reliable evidence about people's behaviour.

ЗАДАНИЕ

     Составьте предложения  со следующими словами и выражениями.

a. to act                                                                                                

b. to be concerned with                                                                         

c. thoughts and feelings                                                                          

d. in a sense                                                                                             

e. to solve problems

f. knowledge

g. put knowledge to good use

h. common reactions

i. measuring

j. to collect evidence

k. to explain people's behaviour

1. to use understanding

m. parental divorce

n. eyewitness testimony

o. to have a date

p. depression

ЗАДАНИЕ

       Переведите на английский язык.

Мы все — психологи-любители. Мы наблюдаем, как ведут себя люди. Но этого недостаточно, чтобы помогать людям. Психологическое образование дает знания, помогает стать профессионалами. Психологи изучают поведение людей. Для этого они используют разные  методы: наблюдение, тестирование, эксперименты. Ученые достоверные доказательства и пишут новые теории. теории помогают ответить на практические вопросы.

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BIOGRAPHY OF SIGMUND FREUD

Sigmund Freud was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856. His father was a small merchant, and Freud's mother was his second wife. Freud had two half-brothers some 20 years older than he was. His family moved to Vienna when he was four years old, and though he often said he hated the city, he lived there until it was occupied by Ger­many in 1938.

Freud was a good student, and very ambitious. In 1873 he entered the medical school of the University of Vienna. He hoped to go into neurophysiological research, but pure research was hard to manage in those days unless you were independently wealthy. Freud was en­gaged and needed to be able to support a family before he could marry, and so he determined to go into private practice with a specialty in neurology.

During his training he made friends with Josef Breuer, another phy­sician and physiologist. They often discussed medical cases together. Freud went to Paris for further study under Jean-Martin Charcot, a neurologist known all over Europe for his studies of hysterics and use of hypnosis. In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna, opened a private practice specializing in nervous and brain disorders, and married.

In 1900, Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams, and intro­duced the public to the notion of the unconscious mind. In 1901, he published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, in which he theorized that forgetfulness or slips of the tongue (now called "Freudian slips") were not accidental at all, but it was the "dynamic unconscious" telling us something meaningful.

In 1902, Freud was appointed professor at the University of Vienna and began to gather devoted disciples who by 1906 formed a Psychoan­alytic Society. Other such groups emerged in other cities. But such dis­ciples as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung split from the group.

Freud continued working, developing his theories, and writing large volumes of work.

In 1923, he was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw, a result of years of cigar smoking. He was 67. He would have 30 operations over the next 16 years to treat the progressive disease. When Nazis took over Austria in 1938, Freud's passport was confiscated and his books burned. Freud left Austria and he and his family went to England. He died in London in September, 1939.

Questions to the text.

1.  Where and when was Sigmund Freud born?

2.  What was the profession of Freud's father?

3.  How many children were there in Freud's family?

4.  Where did Freud live most of his life?

5.  Where did Freud study?

6.  Why didn't he choose the career of a neurophysiological researcher ?

7.  Why did Freud decide to go into private practice?         

8.  Who was Martin Charcot? 

9.  What did Freud do when he returned to Vienna? 

10.  When did Freud publish his first book? •-

11.  What famous phenomenon was analyzed in The Psychopathology of

Everyday Life?  

12.  Where did Freud teach? 

13.  Where did Freud's first international presentation take place?  

14.  Why did Freud have to move to England? 

15.  Where did' he spend the last years of his life?  

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